I have an experiment with the teacher’s feedback. It is 4 parts but I need to comb it all into one part. I need help fixing it please.Photosynthesis
Biology 1000
10/17/2020
Part B-1
You need to combine your
experiments into one paper. Only
one intro, one methods section, etc.
What you have here is two separate
papers. Within each section, you can
have sub headings for each
experiment. But you intro and
conclusions should combine them
into one study about light intensity
and color.
Effect of Light on Photosynthesis
Introduction:
For photosynthesis, light is important. It will not photosynthesize green
plant cells which are put in the dark. An increase in the intensity of light would
cause an increase in the photosynthesis rate before the intensity of light is reached.
In plants like Cabomba or Elodea, the effects of light intensity on
photosynthesis can be studied. When photosynthesis is carried out, these aquatic
plants produce oxygen bubbles and if the volume of these bubbles is measured
for a period of time, it is possible to know the amount of oxygen released, which
is nothing but the rate of photosynthesis. [1]
Plants perform photosynthesis during daytime hours, storing energy that
will help them reproduce and grow When the sun goes down, photosynthesis
ends. Most plants switch from photosynthesis to respiration during the night
hours, which is an inverse process. In respiration, CO2 and H2O are produced
rather than consumed [2,3].
My Hypothesis:
The rate of photosynthesis is greater in white light than in darkness. I will
compare the rate of photosynthesis with and without white light.
Materials:
1) Volumeter
2) Test tube rack
3) Light source (lamp)
4) Two sprigs of aquatic plants
5) Beakers (600 mL)
6) Sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO3)
7) Grease pencil
8) Small metric ruler
9) Aluminum foil
Methods:
1. Set up a gas collecting volumeters apparatus and place in a test tube rack.
2. Fill the volumeters with enough sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) such that
the level of the fluid in the pipette is into the horizontal portion.
3. Place a plant sprig in the tube. The cut end of the plant should be up.
4. Close with a stopper.
5. Place a light source 10 cm from the tube containing the aquatic plant.
6. Keep the volumeter apparatus in a beaker containing water.
7. Turn on the lamp and allow 2-minutes time period to elapse. Mark the level
of liquid in the small glass tube. This is initial reading.
8. After 5 minutes, draw another line to mark the level of liquid. Measure the
distance between these lines in mm and record it on your data sheet.
9. Measure the distance for every 5 minutes up to 20 minutes and record the
data.
10. Repeat the same experiment in another tube where the volumeter is
covered with aluminum foil (darkness) and record the data for every 5
minutes up to 20 minutes.
Collected data
Table 1: The volume of oxygen released
Figure
1.
Bar
chart
indicating the volume of oxygen changed in relation to light
Discussion:
The data obtained by doing the experiment is tabulated in Table 1. It tells about
the volume of oxygen obtained or consumed. The experiment was done for 20
minutes and values were recorded for every 5 minutes. According to the values
obtained, it is clear that the volume of oxygen(O2) increased I the tube which is
exposed to light. In the tube, which is covered with aluminum foil, the volume of
oxygen (O2) decreased. The experiment was initiated with same amount of
oxygen in both the tubes.
The values obtained are represented in the form of bar chart (Figure 1.)
Conclusions:
The experiment investigates the relation between light and photosynthesis. This
refers to the hypothesis stated. The amount of oxygen (O 2) released was more in
case of the tube exposed to light, which refers to photosynthesis. In the tube
covered with foil, the respiration occurs which means O2 was consumed.
Part B-2
Effect of light on photosynthesis (Blue light and green
I will not go through this section of
your paper, but most comment in
the first section apply here as well.
Again, combine these experiments
into one concise paper.
light)
Introduction:
Light is in the form of electromagnetic energy. The range of
electromagnetic radiation is referred to as the emission spectrum, of which
visible light is a tiny strip. Visible light is the light the naked human eye senses.
It has a wavelength ranging from 400-700 nm. In photosynthesis, the percentage
of light observed by plants varies according to the color of light. The longest
wavelength of red light is 700 nm, while the shorter wavelength of violet light is
400 nm. Different pigments absorb different light wavelengths. Red light and
violet light are the most absorbed according to the absorption spectrum, while
green light is the most reflected [4].
Hypothesis:
The rate of photosynthesis is greater for blue light than for green light
Materials
1) Volumeter
2) Test tube rack
3) Light source (blue and green lamp)
4) Two sprigs of aquatic plants
5) Beakers (600 mL)
6) Sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO3)
7) Grease pencil
8) Small metric ruler
Method:
1. Set up a gas collecting volumeters apparatus and place in a test tube rack.
2. Fill the volumeters with enough sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) such that
the level of the fluid in the pipette is into the horizontal portion.
3. Place a plant sprig in both the tubes. The cut end of the plant should be up.
Two more tubes are taken as controls for blue and green lights.
4. Close with a stopper.
5. Place the light source 10 cm from the tube containing the aquatic plant.
6. Keep the volumeter apparatus in a beaker containing water.
7. Turn on the lamp and allow 2-minutes time period to elapse. Mark the level
of liquid in the small glass tube. This is initial reading.
8. After 5 minutes, draw another line to mark the level of liquid. Measure the
distance between these lines in mm and record it on your data sheet.
9. Measure the distance for every 5 minutes up to 20 minutes and record the
data.
Collected Data:
Table 2. Volume of oxygen released in blue and green light
Figure 2. Change in volume of oxygen in blue and green lights.
Discussion:
The data obtained by doing the experiment is tabulated in Table 2. It tells about
the volume of oxygen obtained or consumed. The experiment was done for 20
minutes and values were recorded for every 5 minutes. According to the values
obtained, it is clear that the volume of oxygen(O2) increased in the tube which is
exposed to blue light. The volume of O2 is less in the tube which is exposed to
green light. The experiment was initiated with same amount of oxygen in both
the tubes.
The values obtained are represented in the form of bar chart (Figure 2).
Conclusion:
The experiment investigates the relation between type of light used and
photosynthesis. The amount of O2 released was more in case of blue light than in
green light. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted.
Part C: CO2 Uptake and Measurement:
Introduction:
One of the requirements for photosynthesis is CO2. CO2 is taken up and
converted to organic matter by plants. Phytoplankton is a microscopic algae that
lives in the ocean and is the base of the food chain in the aquatic world. They
can fix CO2 from the air above the surface of the sea or they can receive CO2
dissolved in water. In water, CO2 dissolves, making it acidic. The experiment
makes use of the increase in pH as an indication of dissolved CO2 uptake by the
plant. When CO2 dissolved in water, carbonic acid is formed. This decreases
the pH of the water which is measured using a pH paper [5].
My Hypothesis:
As photosynthesis progresses, the level of CO2 will increase.
Materials:
1. Two clean test tubes
2. Dropper bottle of phenol red solution
3. Soda straw
4. Test tube rack
5. Aquatic plants
6. Light source (lamp)
7. pH paper.
Methods:
1. Take two clean test tube and fill them with distilled water up to half
2. Add 3 drops of phenol red and carefully shake the test tubes. The contents
in the tube will turn light pink in color.
3. Determine the pH of the solution in all tubes using pH paper. Record the
color and pH of each solution in the data sheet.
4. Using a straw, exhale into the tube gently, until the color turns to light
yellow. Carbon dioxide and water yields carbonic acid.
5. Now again determine the pH of the solution in each tube. Record the color
and pH of each solution in the data sheet.
6. Add a 6 cm sprig of the aquatic plant to one of the tubes and mark the other
as control.
7. Incubate both the tubes in front of light source for 1 hour or until the color
changes.
8. Now record the color and pH of the solution on data sheet.
Collected Data:
Discussion:
The time after which the color of the solution is changed is noted down in Table
3. There is no change in the color of the solution in control tube (tube without
plant). The pH and color of the solution in the tube with plant changed after 5
minutes.
Conclusion:
CO2 is dissolved in water to give carbonic acid. This is taken up by the aquatic
plant in the tube which is utilized for photosynthesis. When all the CO 2 is taken
up, the pH and color of the solution changes, which means the hypothesis has
been rejected.
Part D
Separation and Identification of Photosynthetic Pigments using Paper
Chromatography
Introduction:
An analytical tool used to distinguish colored chemicals or substances is
paper chromatography. It is useful for the separation of complex compound
mixtures with identical polarities, such as amino acids, plant pigments, etc.
There is a stationary stage and a mobile stage in the set-up. Filter paper serves
as a stationary stage and the mobile phase is the moving solution. The sample
moves up along with the mobile phase and the substances get separated. The
separation occurs based on the difference in their affinity towards stationary and
mobile phases, under the capillary action of the pores [6].
Plants contain pigments in their parts. The pigments include two green
pigments called chlorophylls and two yellowish pigments called carotenoids. All
these pigments can be separated and identified using the technique called paper
chromatography. The leaf extract is loaded on the filter paper for separation.
Hypothesis:
As leaves contain different photosynthetic pigments, different colors will be
formed.
Materials:
1) Chromatography tube with cork
2) Strip of chromatography paper
3) Chromatography solvent
4) Leaves
5) Large test tube racks
6) Glass rods
7) Acetone (5 mL)
8) Mortar and pestle
Method:
1. Pick few green leaves and wash them. Cut and soak in 5 mL of acetone.
2. Grind the leaves with the help of mortar and pestle into a smooth paste
3. Take a filter paper and trace a line with scale and pencil 2 or 3 cm away
from one end.
4. Using a capillary tube, add one drop of leaf extract in the middle of the
line. Let the drop dry.
5. Add another drop on it and allow it dry again.
6. Pour the solvent in the chromatography chamber.
7. Suspend the strip or filter paper in the chamber such that the sample spot
remains about 1 cm above the level of the solvent.
8. Keep the chamber uninterrupted for a while.
9. The solvent moves up slowly scattering the various pigments.
10. Once the solvent reaches 3/4th of the strip, carefully take the strip off and
dry it.
Pigment analysis
Discussion:
When we dry the filter paper, four bands of distinct colors can be observed. The
four colors observed were dark green, yellowish green, yellow, orange. The
pigment which is more soluble moves up faster. The top band (orange) refers to
the carotenes. Below it the yellow colored xanthophylls get separated. Third from
top band is chlorophyll a (dark green) and chlorophyll b (yellowish green) is
below it.
Conclusion:
The color of the pigments is because of the wavelength of the light that is
reflected. Hence, the hypothesis is rejected.
Bibliography
1. “The effect of different light intensities on the rate of photosynthesis by
Cabomba carolinensis”. Retrieved from www. Ozarktigers.org
2. “Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis biology essay”. Retrieved
from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/factors-affecting-the-rateof-photosynthesis-biology-essay.php
3. “Investigation of Photosynthesis in Elodea.”
http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=120346
4. “Effect of light color on the rate of photosynthesis”
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/the-effect-of-light-colour-onthe.php
5. “Uptake of carbon dioxide from water by plants.”
http://www.carboeurope.org/education/CS_Materials/PlantsCO2Uptake.p
df
6. Harold H.Strain, Joseph Sherma, Francis L.Benton, Joseph J.Katz, Oneway paper chromatography of the chloroplast pigments of leaves,
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biophysics including
Photosynthesis 1965 (109) 1-15.
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